留学考试准备:(19)立场的选择——只能反对的

by xiaolai on 2010/04/21 · 3 comments

in 留学考试准备

这一次,在众多的立场中,只留下一个选择:“反对”。因为这些题目背后有因果逻辑错误,哪怕“部分同意”(或者“部分反对”)都不应该选。比如这道题:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

很多读者可能会奇怪,“我没有看到哪里有‘because’啊,哪儿来的因果关系错误呢?”

当我们在回答“agree or disagree”之前,其实我们还有一个步骤不应该错过,那就是“分析”。分析一下,有道理就同意,没道理就反对,有多少道理就同意多少。可是如何分析 呢?分析他人的看法,一个既简单又有效的切入点是尝试着问自己:

“How come they have such an opinion?”

让我们想想,“这些人的这种想法究竟是哪儿来的呢?”大抵上应该是这样,他们观察到的第一个现象是“现在的人们看电视的时间越来越长……”——这是个确实存在的真实现象;于此同时,他们观察到第二个现象“现在人们之间相互沟通的时间越来越少……”——这也是个确实存在的真实现象。

television-has-destroy-communication

而这两个现象又好像明显有着一定的联系,想想啊,每天只有24个小时,花在这儿的时间越多,花在那儿的时间就越少……于是,这些人就用“因果”逻辑关系把 这两个现象联系了起来:

People spend much less time on communicating with friends and family because they spend too much time on watching television!

再翻译一下,就 是题目中所说的:

Television has destroyed communication among friends and family.

分析A与B之间的因果关系是否成立、是否可接受,无非 可以从以下三个层面入手:

  • A不见得是B的理由(A is not necessarily the reason of B)
  • A不见得是B唯一的理由(A is not necessarily the only reason of B)
  • A不见得是B最重要的理由(A is not necessarily the most significant reason of B)

以当前题目为例进行分析:

  • 的确,有些人看电视看得太多,乃至于不与他人沟通,但是,有另外一些人就算不看电视也不与他人沟通,比如说他们可能酗酒、吸毒……
  • 就算电视是沟通被破坏的理由,但也不见得是唯一的理由。比如某个人白天被炒了鱿鱼,回家生闷气却又不愿告诉家人,于是一声不吭坐在那里看电视,这时候, “不沟通”的表面原因是“看电视”,而深层次原因是“失业的烦恼”……
  • 既然电视不见得是沟通受到破坏的唯一的理由,那它还不一定是最重要的理由呢。事实上,很多的时候,人们之间相互不沟通的最根本原因可能在于人们普遍缺乏 基本的沟通技巧……

所以说,“电视破坏了人们之间的沟通”这种观点是不可接受的。这样的作文 写起来并不难(本质上来看还是在用第三种有力模式:“1-转折-2-递进-3”):

  • It’s true that A … (A现象确实存在……)
  • It is also true that B …(B现象也确实存在……)
  • However, it is hardly true that A → B … (然而说A导致了B就没道理了……)
  • In fact, X is possibly the most important factor that results in B … (也许X才是B真正的根源……)

托 福考试中,类似的题目数量并不多,例如下面这几道题:

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer.

Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

上面的最后一道中的有一句话:

“Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought.”

这是最典型的那种“语法上完美无缺”但“逻辑上混乱异常”的句子。这个句子的作者显然想为读者提供两个“截然相反”的选项,然而却忘了“ made quickly”和“made after careful thought”其实并不是完全对立的。比如,我们 可以“make a decision after quick yet careful thought”。由此可见“仅仅词汇、语法本身无法解决最重要的写作难题”。

这种从三个层面分析因果逻辑合理程度的方法,在GRE和GMAT的作文题目中要反复用到,也是日常生活中最基本的逻辑分析工具之一。

{ 3 comments… read them below or add one }

Vicent April 21, 2010 at 18:28

如果我是新东方的老师,我会借鉴你的理论去充实我的课堂内容。

Reply

shendan0501 April 22, 2010 at 20:30

谢谢老师!

Reply

chenyz1001 April 25, 2010 at 12:54

茅塞顿开~~

Reply

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